Zinc Supplementation Improves the Outcome cirrhosis

September 13, 2012

Zinc Supplementation for Chronic Hepatitis C and Liver Cirrhosis

Shunichi Matsuoka, Hiroshi Matsumura, Hitomi Nakamura, Shu Oshiro, Yasuo Arakawa, Junpei Hayashi, Naoki Sekine, Kazushige Nirei, Hiroaki Yamagami, Masahiro Ogawa, Noriko Nakajima, Shuichi Amaki, Naohide Tanaka, and Mitsuhiko Moriyama*

Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1, oyaguchi kamimachi, Itabashiku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan

*To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +81-3-3972-8111 ext. 2423 Fax: +81-3-3956-8496 E-mail: moriyama@med.nihon-u.ac.jp

Received November 10, 2008; Accepted April 28, 2009.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

Abstract

We treated patients with C-viral chronic hepatitis (CH) and liver cirrhosis (LC) with polaprezinc and determined prospectively the effect on long-term outcome. 62 patients were enrolled. Of these, 32 were administered 1.0 g polaprezinc and the remainder were not administered polaprezinc. We measured the serum zinc concentrations using conventional atomic absorption spectrometry and conducted a prospective study to determine the long-term outcome of the polaprezinc therapy.

Changes of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in the polaprezinc administration group were significantly lower than those of the untreated group. The decrease in platelet count was clearly less than that of the untreated group. The factors that inhibited increases in serum zinc concentrations following administration of polaprezinc included low serum zinc concentration states.

Furthermore, the reductions of AST and ALT levels in the low zinc group were significantly greater than those of the high zinc group. When the patients who were administered polaprezinc were divided into two groups whose zinc concentrations increased (zinc responders) or remained stable or decreased (zinc non-responders), the zinc responders had a clearly lower cumulative incidence of HCC than the zinc non-responders. We conclude zinc supplementation improved the long-term outcome in C-viral CH and LC patients.

Introduction

Zinc is an essential trace element in the human body, with approximately two grams in healthy adults. The daily amount of zinc required by an adult is 10–15 mg and this is absorbed primarily from the upper gastrointestinal tract, especially the small intestine.

Zinc is involved in the activation of approximately 300 different metallo-enzymes and metal-activated enzymes in vivo and is regarded as essential for the metabolism of nucleic acids and proteins.

Therefore, it has been determined that zinc deficiency causes various pathological conditions in humans. Among these, it is known that, in patients with C-viral chronic liver disease, the blood zinc concentration decreases with progression of the disease from chronic hepatitis (CH) to compensated liver cirrhosis (LC), to decompensated LC, to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

It is also known that patients with liver failure or HCC are in an especially severe state of zinc deficiency and the liver damage is found to improve with zinc supplementation.

Recently, it was reported that the hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A protein is a zinc metalloprotein and that zinc is closely involved in the activation of the NS5A protein.

Also, it has been reported that the rate of HCV eradication is higher when interferon (IFN) therapy for C-viral CH is combined with zinc supplementation, compared to IFN therapy alone.

Thus, it would appear that zinc supplementation has a clear influence on the clinical profiles of C-viral CH or LC. However, there has been no report to date as to what influence zinc supplementation has on the long-term outcome of C-viral CH or LC. We gave polaprezinc (orally administered, 150 mg/day) to patients with C-viral CH or LC and studied prospectively the influence of zinc supplementation on the long-term outcome.

Patients and Methods

Patients

A total of 70 Japanese patients with CH or LC, who were examined by the first author at Nihon University Itabashi Hospital from September 1999 through January 2001, gave informed consent to their participation in this study. All of the patients were positive for serum HCV RNA (Amplicor HCV Monitor, Roche Diagnostic K.K., Tokyo, Japan) and were observed for more than three years.

All were negative for serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, EIA, Dinabot, Tokyo, Japan), LE cells, anti-smooth muscle antibody (fluorescence antibody method, FA), and anti-mitochondria antibody (FA). No heavy drinkers (more than 30 g ethanol intake per day) were included in the study.

Patients whose blood alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels remained persistently in the abnormal range (>40 international units; IU/L) for more than 6 months were enrolled in the study.

The criteria for diagnosing patients as having LC were as follows:

continuation of abnormal blood ALT levels for more than 6 months, ICGRs of more than 10% at 15 min, platelet counts below 100,000/mm3, the presence of esophageal varices, and the presence of LC pattern and splenomegaly on abdominal diagnostic imaging. Blood samples were obtained only from patients who gave informed consent.

The follow-up schedule was as follows:

the patients underwent abdominal ultrasonography every 3 or 6 months, and abdominal CT examination every 6 to 12 months, for the detection of HCC. When space occupying lesions (SOL) were detected in the livers of patients with CH or LC by dynamic CT during the time periods stated above, enhancement of SOL was observed at the early phase of dynamic CT and the disappearance of SOL staining was observed at the late phase.

A precise diagnosis was made by abdominal angiography. When SOL in the liver were not enhanced in the early phase of dynamic CT, or if a precise diagnosis by abdominal angiography could not be made, tumor biopsy was carried out and a precise diagnosis was made on the basis of the pathological findings. Blood samples were collected on this occasion and stored frozen at ?80°C.

Study design

According to the ?2 test, when the event occurrence rate of the control group is set to 30% and that of the treated group is set to 10%, the number of cases required to obtain a significant difference between the event occurrence rates is 62. Therefore, we planned to study 35 cases in the treated group and 35 cases in the untreated group.

The HCV RNA positive patients who visited first author’s outpatient clinic between September 1999 and January 2001 numbered 175. Among 85 of these patients, it was estimated that 5 were asymptomatic HCV carriers, 50 had achieved ALT levels continuously within the normal range following medication, 20 had been treated with IFN alpha, and 10 diagnosed as HCC.

The remaining 90 patients (51.4%) were the target population for this study; they had declined to give their consent for IFN therapy or had been treated but achieved only low sustained virologic response (SVR) rates because of refractory chronic hepatitis C, or IFN therapy was contraindicated because of complications such as depression, interstitial pneumonia, renal dysfunction, cardiovascular disease, etc., or they did not wish to receive IFN administration because of the relatively high frequency of complications and side effects of IFN or ribavirin therapy.

Furthermore, IFN therapy is not indicated by national insurance criteria for patients diagnosed with LC in Japan. The reason we selected a study population who had not undergone IFN therapy was as follows: because IFN therapy may lead to a reduction in serum zinc concentrations or may affect the absorption of zinc from the small intestine, it was thought possible that IFN therapy could influence the serum zinc concentration in treated patients.

The patients who were treated with polaprezinc gave their consent to administration of the drug after the benefits and potential risks had been explained to them. Furthermore, the benefits and potential risks of administration of Rebamipide (Mucosta; Otsuka pharmaceutical, Osaka, Japan) and Teprenone (Selbex; Eizai, Tokyo, Japan) also were explained to them.

These patients were randomized following a complete explanation of the purpose of the study, namely to determine whether administration of polaprezinc or other drugs modified the clinical profiles in the subjects and other effects of zinc supplementation. The patients who agreed to take polaprezinc or the other drugs were permitted to choose which drug they preferred.

Therefore, we administered polaprezinc to patients with CH or LC who opted for zinc supplementation after detailed explanation and we administered the other drugs to patients with CH or LC who chose not to take zinc supplementation. No consent to administration of these drugs was obtained from 10 patients. In the final analysis, there were 36 treated and 34 untreated cases. All 70 patients gave their consent to participate in the study.

The study period was planned initially to continue for three years from when observations commenced. Among the 70 patients, three with CH and one with LC stopped visiting the clinic during the three year period. Furthermore, during the study period, IFN therapy was initiated in four patients at their request. Therefore, in the final analysis, there were 32 patients in the polaprezinc treated group and 30 in the untreated group.

The clinical background factors of the patients are shown in Table 1a, which compares the clinical background factors between patients with CH and LC, and Table 1b, which compares the clinical background factors between patients with and without zinc supplementation. The primary end points were set as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), ALT and HCV RNA levels, platelet counts, and the occurrence of HCC. For the C-viral CH and LC patients, the initial collection of blood was made on the day of registration. The second collection of blood was made one year later and the third, within the following two years.

We measured the zinc concentrations of these samples and investigated the changes in zinc concentrations from the day of registration. This study was in a accordance with the ethical standards as formulation in the Helsinki Declaration of 1975.

Administration of polaprezinc

1.0 g Promac® (ZERIA Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) containing 150 mg polaprezinc was administered orally twice daily: after breakfast and after dinner. Medications administered prior to the study were continued during the study. Patients whose serum zinc concentrations had increased by more than 5.0 µg/ml three years after the study began, compared to the start of the study, were classified as zinc responders, while those whose zinc concentrations remained within 5.0 µg/ml were zinc non-responders (stable), and those whose zinc concentrations decreased more than 5.0 µg/ml were zinc non-responders (decreased).

Measurement of serum zinc concentrations

Serum zinc concentrations were evaluated using conventional atomic absorption spectrometry using a Z-6100 polarized Zeeman Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (HITACHI, Tokyo, Japan) within 48 h of collection of blood 14, 15. Silicone-coated syringes and needles were used for collecting the blood, which was transferred into zinc-free test tubes. Serum separation was done carefully to avoid haemolysis.

Haematological and biochemical examinations

Serum levels of AST, levels of ALT, platelet counts and HCV RNA concentrations were determined once every two months. Determination of HCV RNA concentrations was performed using the Amplicor monitor method (Amplicor HCV Monitor, Roche Diagnostic K.K.). The results of HCV RNA testing were classified into low and high groups according to whether the value was greater or less than 100 kilo international units (kiu)/ml. Determination of HCV genotype was performed by the method of Okamoto et al. 16 and the results were interpreted according to the classification of Simmonds et al. 17.

Long-term outcome of patients

We compared the long-term outcome of patients with CH or LC in terms of the cumulative probability of occurrence of HCC, according to whether they were treated with polaprezinc or untreated and according to changes in serum concentrations of zinc.

Statistical analysis

The serum concentrations of zinc were compared using the chi-square test for independence. Cumulative incidence curves were determined with the Kaplan-Meier method and the differences between groups were assessed using the log-rank test. The remaining parameters were compared using analysis of variance and Fisher’s Protected Least Significant difference post hoc test with Statview 4.5 software (Abacus Concepts, Berkeley, CA). A p value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.

Multivariate regression analysis

Other variables among the 32 cases were investigated as risk factors for occurrence of HCC. Independent factors of sex, age, CH or LC, ALT level, AST level, platelet count, HCV RNA concentration (more than 100 kiu/ml vs less than 100 kiu/ml), HCV genotype (genotype 1 vs genotype 2), and changes in zinc concentration were identified by logistic regression analysis using a stepwise method of analysis of factors for the risk of developing HCC using SPSS 11.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL).

Furthermore, we investigated the factors at the start of the study that contributed to whether patients administered polaprezinc become zinc responders. Independent factors of sex, age, CH or LC, ALT level, AST level, platelet count, HCV RNA concentration (more than 100 kiu/ml vs less than 100 kiu/ml), HCV genotype (genotype 1 vs genotype 2), and serum zinc concentration were identified by the Cox proportional hazard model using a stepwise method of analysis of factors for the risk of developing HCC using SPSS11.0 software (SPSS Inc.).

Results

Evaluation of zinc concentrations in C-viral chronic liver disease

In patients with C-viral chronic liver diseases, the median zinc concentration was 65.0 µg/dl (range; 50–109) in the CH group and 53.0 µg/dl (29–91) in the LC group. The median zinc concentration in the LC group was significantly lower than that in the CH group (p = 0.0006). The median zinc concentration of the polaprezinc administration group was 64.0 µg/ml (range; 41–88) and of the untreated group was 53.5 µg/dl (range; 35–68).

Efficacy of administration of polaprezinc

We examined changes in serum zinc concentrations in patients divided into the polaprezinc administration group and untreated group. In the polaprezinc administration group, compared to the initial examination, 15/32 (46.9%) patients were zinc responders, 12/32 (37.5%) were zinc non-responders whose serum zinc concentrations were stable and 5/32 (15.6%) were zinc non-responders whose serum zinc concentrations decreased.

On the other hand, in the untreated group compared to the initial examination, the serum zinc concentrations of 1/30 (3.3%) patients had increased at three years, in 14/30 (46.7%) they remained stable and in 15/30 (50%) they decreased.

In this analysis, the proportion of patients whose serum zinc concentrations increased was significantly greater in the polaprezinc administration group than the untreated group (p<0.0001), and the proportion of patients whose serum zinc concentrations decreased in the untreated group was significantly greater than in the polaprezinc administration group (p<0.0001).

Next, when the polaprezinc administration group was divided into two groupsaccording to the median zinc concentration at start of the study, a high zinc group (?64 µg/dl,n = 17) and a low zinc group (<64 µg/dl, n = 15), the efficacy of polaprezinc administration in the low zinc group was 11/15 (73.4%) for zinc responders, 4/15 (13.3%) for zinc non-responders whose serum zinc concentrations were stable and 2/15 (13.3%) for zinc non-responders whose serum zinc concentrations decreased.

On the contrary, the efficacy of polaprezinc administration in the high zinc group was 4/17 (23.5%) for zinc responders, 10/17 (58.8%) for zinc non-responders whose serum zinc concentrations were stable and 3/17 (17.7%) for zinc non-responders whose serum zinc concentrations decreased.

Comparison of changes of zinc concentrations among patients with or without polaprezinc administration

The changes of serum zinc concentrations in the polaprezinc administration group and the untreated group were compared. The results showed that in the polaprezinc administration group three years after the study started, the serum zinc concentrations had increased by about 10% compared to the level at the start of the study.

However, in the untreated group the serum zinc concentrations had decreased by about 5% three years after the start of the study, compared to the level at the start of the study (Fig. 1). The polaprezinc administration group showed a significant increase in serum zinc concentrations compared to the untreated group (p = 0.0036).

Then, the changes in the serum zinc concentrations relative to the daily dose of zinc administered per kg body weight were compared. In the group of patients for whom the daily dose of zinc administered was less than 0.6 mg/kg, the serum zinc concentrations increased during the early period of administration from the level prior to administration but there was a tendency to decrease later.

However, in the group for whom the daily dose of zinc was more than 0.6 mg/kg, the serum zinc concentrations showed a tendency to increase from one year after the start of administration.

Changes in serum zinc concentrations in patients with C-viral chronic hepatitis (CH) and liver cirrhosis (LC), with and without zinc administration. The median serum zinc concentration in the group of patients who had been administered polaprezinc was (more ...)

The changes in the serum zinc levels were compared according to the quantity of polaprezinc administered per kg body weight. In the group administered less than 0.6 mg/kg zinc, the serum zinc level increased above that before the start of administration during the early stage of administration, but decreased later. However, in the group administered more than 0.6 mg/kg, the serum zinc level increased continuously from one year after the start of administration.

Next, we compared the changes in serum zinc concentrations between two groups of patients who were administered polaprezinc, those with low (low zinc group <64 µg/dl) and high (high zinc group; ?64 µg/dl) serum zinc concentrations at the start of the study. The serum zinc concentrations in the low zinc group at one year after the start of administration had increased by 12.1 ± 19.3%, and at three years had increased by 18.3 ± 24.8%, compared to the level at the start of administration.

On the other hand, that of the high zinc group at one year after the start of administration had decreased by 1.4 ± 21.3%, and at three years had decreased by 2.3 ± 14.2%, compared to the level at the start of administration. The changes in serum zinc concentrations in the low zinc group were significantly greater than those of the high zinc group (Fig. 3, p = 0.0002).

Comparison of changes of serum zinc concentrations in the polaprezinc administration group between the low zinc group, whose serum zinc concentrations were below 64 µg/dl, and the high zinc group, whose serum zinc concentrations were above 64 µg/dl. The change of serum zinc concentrations in the low zinc group was significantly greater than that of the high zinc group (p = 0.0002).

Comparison between the polaprezinc administration and untreated groups in terms of changes of blood and biochemical data

When the reductions of AST or ALT levels, compared to the levels after the start of the study, were compared between the polaprezinc administration and untreated groups, the reductions of ALT or AST levels in the polaprezinc administration group were significantly greater than in the untreated group (Table 2, p = 0.0019, p = 0.0069). Furthermore, the change of platelet counts in the polaprezinc administration group was significantly less than in the untreated group (p = 0.0001).

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